By placing electrodes on the scalp, the electrical activity of the brain, known as EEG, can be recorded.
When neurons are activated, they produce electrical pulses. In this review paper, we discussed various technical and clinical details of different neurofeedback treatment protocols.Īctivities of cerebral neurons have rich information about neuronal activities. However, the most commonly used protocols are alpha, beta, theta, and alpha/theta ratio. Neurofeedback treatment protocols mainly focus on the alpha, beta, delta, theta, and gamma treatment or a combination of them such as alpha/theta ratio, beta/theta ratio, etc. For instance, the subject tries to improve the brain patterns based on the changes that occur in the sound or movie. During this procedure, the subject becomes aware of the changes occurring during training and will be able to assess his/her progress in order to achieve optimum performance. As an illustration, the power of a signal in a frequency band can be shown by a varying bar graph. Accordingly, electrophysiological components are separately demonstrated. Then, its various components are extracted and fed to subjects using online feedback loop in the form of audio, video or their combination. In fact, the electroencephalography (EEG) is recorded during the neurofeedback treatment. Neurofeedback is a method that assists subjects to control their brain waves consciously. It has been the subject of the study of researchers for several decades. However, current research does not support conclusive results about its efficacy. Nevertheless, neurofeedback is known as a complementary and alternative treatment of many brain dysfunctions.
Also, it might take months to show the desired improvements. For example, it is expensive, time-consuming and its benefits are not long-lasting. Although it is a non-invasive procedure, its validity has been questioned in terms of conclusive scientific evidence. Neurofeedback, like other treatments, has its own pros and cons. To date, many studies have been conducted on the neurofeedback therapy and its effectiveness on the treatment of many diseases. treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, insomnia, drug addiction, schizophrenia, learning disabilities, dyslexia and dyscalculia, autistic spectrum disorders and so on as well as other applications such as pain management, and the improvement of musical and athletic performance and (6) Neurofeedback softwares. frequency, power, slow cortical potential, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and so on (5) Clinical applications of neurofeedback i.e. standard recording channels in the frontal, temporal, central, and occipital lobes (3) Electrode montages (unipolar, bipolar) (4) Types of neurofeedback i.e.
alpha, beta, alpha/theta, delta, gamma, and theta (2) Different EEG electrode placements i.e. In this review, we provided clinical and technical information about the following issues: (1) Various neurofeedback treatment protocols i.e. Positive or negative feedback is produced for desirable or undesirable brain activities, respectively. Neurofeedback usually provides the audio and or video feedback. Neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback, which teaches self-control of brain functions to subjects by measuring brain waves and providing a feedback signal.
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